B2B Organizational Marketing

Present day market leaders confront a number of challenges in securing new orders and customers. These challenges may take the form of a larger number of players influencing the customer decision process, increased buying criteria, greater expectations of faster feedback, and more expectations from the customers that the sales force understand the customer’s requirements. The customers have become more demanding and the competitors have become more productive which have also increased the challenges being faced by the businesses.The businesses are expected to possess the characteristics of flexibility, speed, easiness in dealing, fast, resilience, customer focus, and human warmth in their dealings (Rick Wolfe). Being a business based on the impulse and moods of the customers, the leisure cruise business needs much of these factors to be integrated into them for being successful in attracting more and new customers.This paper attempts to make a detailed report on the marketing techniques and business issues relating to the Carnival Cruise Lines and Crystal Cruise Lines who are the players in the same line of business with different marketing approaches to the business. Carnival Cruise Lines – A Background The evolution and growth of Carnival Cruise Lines marked the redefining of the leisure cruise industry. The company approached a diverse market adopting a novel theme of ‘Fun Ships’ adequately supported by competitively low pricing.There was increased pressure from competition which forced the company to have a relook into its ‘Fun Ship’ brand, without disturbing the equity content of the brand already developed by the company. From the points of view of the customers the cruise lines do not have any differentials. Hence it became necessary for the Carnival Cruise Lines to differentiate them to the customers by providing upgraded product features, efficient service, and a brand image which is not only convincing but also sophisticated.The 2,974 passenger capacity 110,000 ton Carnival Liberty was set to sail in July 2005. Built at $ 500 million the ship was the twenty first vessels in the fleet of Carnival Cruise Lines and it gave the company more passenger carrying capacity than any other cruise lines. The company arranged cruises covering more than three million guests during the financial year 2004 and the company’s revenues were in the region of $ 9. 73 billion, with net earnings of $ 1. 85 billion in the year 2004.The company has been maintaining its principles to adhere to the term ‘Fun Ships’ throughout the year and a time has come when the top leaders of the company have to have a rethinking on the level of customer service so that they can still maintain the brand image. This was due to the fact that there have been increased expectations and renewed competition in the industry. Marketing Strategy of Carnival The company had to develop its marketing strategy purely out of necessity. At a certain point of time Carnival did not have to make an advertising campaign to promote its cruises.In fact at that time no cruise lines made any efforts to advertise. During the start up years which were lean the onboard product was limited. The customers’ expectations were also limited as the cruise products that were available were still relatively new to the market and to the customers. The ‘Fun Ships’ concept of marketing was set in motion by Dickinson for the first time in the 1973 when he took charge as the vice-president sales of Carnival. He was inspired by the concept of ‘Happy ship’ promoted by Commodore Cruise Lines.This promotion started at a time when the cruise marketing focused its attention on the destinations covered by the cruises rather than the ships that were used for the cruises. The cruising during these times was promoted as a highbrow, luxurious experience. However Carnival adopted a different marketing strat egy by reasoning that ‘fun’ was what people really wanted to experience in a vacation. The company promoted the cruise in Mardi Gras as a fun-ship experience while cruising instead of promoting the cruises on the basis of destinations.This way Carnival decided to send a message that was unique in the cruise industry. (20) The marketing strategy of the company centered round the policy of the company to anchor the brand ‘Fun Ships’ to coincide with its positioning strategy. This enabled Carnival build an unmatched value proposition on the promise of fun during the cruise. This promise of fun has been made the marketing strategy of the company for at least the next thirty years of its existence.In quite contrast to the other cruise line customers Carnival through its ‘Fun Ships’ marketing theme attracted middle-class customers who are relatively young. To these kinds of customers Carnival offered full casinos, live music, discos, and wild daytime activities–including belly-flop, beer-chugging, and hairy-chest contests which were offered for the first time by any cruise. These fun based activities were quite different from the existing idea of in-cruise entertainment of shuffleboard and afternoon tea.With a view to make improvements in these fun activities Carnival built the new ships starting from the year 1980 providing for the facilities for the fun activities with bright colors and neon lighting unlike anything before seen in a cruise ship. These were quite different and shocking to the traditional ship owners. Carnival used the first-time cruisers as tools for the market development strategy for communicating the brand message of ‘Fun Ships’. The company articulated the ‘Fun Ships image by showing the ships and the possible entertainment architecture within the ships.The company promoted the marketing theme as ‘having fun comprising of guests â€Å"dining, dancing, playing, swimming, sun ning, and socializing at affordable price†. The company has started the advertising commercials in the 1984 and was the first cruise to advertise on the Television. The marketing objective of the company remained provision of fun all along the cruise. The company however continued to have the marketing objective to â€Å"introduce vacationers to cruising and to reinforce the image of Carnival as the essence of fun† (J. Robert Kwortnik Jr 2006).Challenges to Carnival’s Market-Leadership The major challenge to the marketing efforts of Carnival and a threat to its market-leadership position, is the continuous copying of the ‘Fun Ships’ brand by the competitor lines. For example the Royal Caribbean’s product offering of adventure-theme challenged the fun concept of Carnival Cruise Lines by an active-adventure version of Royal Caribbean; similarly the next generation of the ships of Royal Caribbean had a water theme park which would challenge Carni val Line’s water-park innovation.Another threat to the market position of Carnival arises due to the repositioning of the brand. This may be the result of the tension faced in the development of brand image which is characterized by the improvements in the product. However the management steers the brand toward a more sophisticated version of fun, the risk of mixed signals and brand confusion This makes the a brand's equity as more a function of the customers for a particular brand than the function of the brand. Crystal Cruises – a Background Crystal Cruise offers a hybrid style of cruising experience which is intriguing.Though the cruise line is decidedly upscale, its ships are larger ones quite unlike its luxury line competitors. These ships have the capacity of carrying 940 passengers. NYK lines of Japan own Crystal Cruises. The company founded in the year 1990 is based in Los Angeles. The earlier ships owned by the company included a 940-passenger ship by name â⠂¬ËœCrystal Harmony. This ship was first launched in the year 1990. The ‘Crystal Symphony’ was the second one to follow and also has a passenger carrying capacity of 940-passengers.The company added to its fleet the new ship ‘Crystal Serenity’ with a capacity of 1080 passengers which first sailed in the summer of 2003. The company has sold the ship ‘Crystal Harmony’ in the year 2005 to have once more only two ships in its fleet (Cruise Critic). Though the company has only two ships it has earned the distinction of one of the best cruise lines in the world with the extravagance of services it offers on board the ships. The added feature which enhances the marketing ability of the Crystal is the health club products it offers on board its ships including the Spa.Crystal Serenity is the largest ship of Crystal Cruise. This ship has all the facilities that the cruises of Crystal normally provide. These features include a Sushi Bar, a tennis court, and a board room offering variety of wines. The ship also provides a state – of – the – art children’s play area known as ‘Fantasia’ and also a teen center. There is also an indoor/outdoor pool and a higher ratio of balcony cabins and about 85 percent of the staterooms are having verandahs. The attractiveness of Crystal Cruise is magnified by its getting the ISO 14001 certification for its fleet-wide environmental management system maintenance.In continuation of its environmental management program the company is continuously establishing new goals to minimize the degradation to environment by reducing the use of plastics and increased recycling and enhanced fuel efficiency (Even Keel). Marketing Strategy of Crystal Cruises Crystal’s bigger ships carrying more passengers are one of the marketing points as against its smaller competitors. The company has a unique characteristic of having a highest guest-to-staff and largest guest-to-spa ce ratio.This has won more number of repeat passengers. The smaller line competitors do not have the facilities to compete with Crystal. â€Å"The facilities that crystal offer include biggest-ships-in-luxury-class status along with far more options, in terms of entertainment, socializing, casinos, spa and fitness facilities, activities, and enrichment opportunities† (Cruise Critic). â€Å"The renowned Crystal experience is distinguished by incomparable service, abundant space, extensive choices, and superior quality† (Crystal Cruise).Crystal Cruises is offering a program known as ‘Share the Experience’ which offers membership to its repeat customers to ‘Crystal Society’. The members of this society are given $ 100 shipboard credit when they are able to persuade a first timer to take a cruise with crystal. Crystal has roughly 60 percent of its customers as first timers to the cruise line. The marketing strategy of the company is to bring in mo re new customers and increase the ratio of new customers. The company believes in getting more to the new people for its growth (Christopher Elliott, 2007)The product offering by Crystal includes the ‘Crystal Spa’ the only Feng Shui- designed Spa on board any ship is one of the major marketing points for Crystal. â€Å"Superior service, state-of-the-art facilities and amenities, such as treatment rooms, saunas and a private sun deck or relaxation area with expansive ocean views, propelled the luxury line's Crystal Spa into first place among the magazine's savvy travelers who placed it alongside, and even above, some of the foremost spas in the world† (Crystal Cruises).The other area where Crystal concentrates to improve the satisfaction of its customers is the service being provided by its extraordinary staff which makes the cruises with crystal a unique experience. The company claims that their attention to details is the strength of its marketing and the compan y also provides a personalized experience with a boutique ‘Crystal Adventures’ and other customized ‘Crystal Private Adventure’.â€Å"The line’s glamorous casinos, array of evening entertainment and creative culinary venues and menus — such as the cuisine of master chef, Nobu Matsuhisa — rate high among those seeking quality choices on their floating luxury resort† (Article Avenue). Marketing Strategies of Carnival and Crystal – A Comparison While Carnival Cruise Lines are perceived to have action packed fun and look for younger and value driven customers, Crystal Cruise targets older generation customers who are keen to receive five star services aboard luxurious ships.The basic distinction in the marketing concepts of both the lines lies in the way they perceive the preferences of the customers. On the basis of the products that these lines can offer they select their customer bases and arrive at the marketing strategies . The idea of getting more number of new customers is considered unique as far as Crystal is concerned since the company feels that with the extravagant service it offers on board it can make them repeat their visits to their cruises.By taking more care on the health aspects with the provision of Spa and other extensive health club facilities the travelers will feel more at land than at sea. This coupled with the provision of the highest guest service with more number of attendants and staff would make the customers feel that their travel was filled with an experience quite different and they may decide to experience it once again. In the case of Carnival the marketing strategy involves more value in terms of fun at lesser cost while cruising. The cost factor is taken as the base of promoting their product offering.The customers that Carnival caters to being young ones the company takes more care to provide as many number of recreation facilities to the customers so that they repeat their visits to the cruise. Conclusion In general as the sales teams deepen their knowledge about the customer’s needs and preferences they are able to pinpoint the metrics that the customers will make use of for making an assessment of the product offerings by different vendors. This gives rise to several variations and product differentiations by the suppliers to meet the requirements of different customers.This is evident from the fact that two cruise lines’ – Carnival and Crystal – product offerings. It is observed that both of the lines have different marketing objectives and different set of customer segments to cater to and serve. While Carnival has the marketing strategy of having fun during the cruise and attract younger customers, Crystal looks for increased number of new customers with a product offering of fun combined with health with the offering of the state of the art Spa and other connected facilities aboard to attract the customers. Ref erencesArticle Avenue ‘Information and Tips for a Cruise Ship Vacation’ Christopher Elliott (2007) ‘Strategies to Make More Passengers Maiden Voyagers’ The New York Times dated February 25th 2007 Cruise Critic ‘Crystal Cruises’ Crystal Cruise ‘Crystal Cruises Celebrates Thanksgiving and Fall Sailings with Family â€Å"Values† ‘ Crystal Cruises ‘Crystal Cruises Named No. 1 Cruise Line Spa by the Readers of Conde Nast Traveler’ Even Keel ‘Cruise Line News: Crystal Cruise’ J. Robert Kwortnik Jr (2006) ‘Carnival Cruise Lines: Burnishing the brand’ http://www. allbusiness. com/accommodation-food-services/1190122-1. html Rick Wolfe ‘The New B2B Marketing Dashboard’

An inspector calls Essay

After reading an Inspector calls, I am certain it is obvious to any one who reads it that the inspector is not what he appears to be at all. At first you have no suspicions of the Inspector, but as the play moves on it slowly dawns on you that the Inspector might be an impostor. The inspector also has major impacts on some of the characters. He is â€Å"Priestley’s vehicle for his views on social responsibility. He represents social conscience. He has moral dimension.† The Inspectors name, Goole, has noteworthy significance. Ghoul has the same sound and its meaning has a great bearing on the play. A Ghoul is â€Å"an evil spirit† To Birling, and his upper class peers; this is an exact analysis of the Inspector. The thought of the Inspector being something extraordinary seems to be briefly confronted by Sheila but it is dismissed just as quickly. Another theory might be that the Inspector represents truth and is not a real person at all but just a representative of justice. I think that this is a very plausible idea and probably Priestley’s own thought. He could be a spirit representing the future, the Birlings chance of repent, although only Eric and Sheila recognize this. They are the only ones to realise that they have ruined this girl’s life and it could be their doings that sent her to this horrible end. The Inspector could also be as real as all the other characters in body and can eat and drink and is solid. I think that the inspector may have gone back in time or there might have been a time slip of some sort to make sure that these people new what they had done. I think there is a possibility that the Inspector could be Eva Smith and just goes back to haunt them. This maybe quite far fetched by I would not rule it out completely, because if it were true then it would explain everything. The main role of the inspector is his forcing role, which he uses to overpower the other characters to admit to their secrets. He appears to the characters to be very rude at times, but this rudeness only adds to the factor at which he can interrogate the characters, and also provokes them admit to their wrongdoings, ‘I know. I had her turned out of a job. I started it.’ Some characters take longer to acknowledge their secrets than others. They try to hide, but cannot escape from the inspector. For example Mr. Birling, a very stubborn man, who, even when he confesses to his  concealment, believes that it has nothing to do with the death, and believes that he has nothing to do with it at all. Other characters like Sheila and Eric admit and don’t try to hide it, and know that they had added to the tragic death of Eva Smith. They know that the inspector is right, and if they hadn’t done what they did, then Eva Smith would still be alive. Sheila in particular is very guilty and gets very emotional. The inspector has trouble with getting them all to admit themselves, ‘Inspector, I’ve told you before, I don’t like your tone’†¦.’I don’t propose to give you much more rope’ however he knows they had something to do with it, and he knew exactly what that was as well. This may have helped him. The inspector makes his views on social responsibility clear. He believes that we are all responsible for one another and should act together as a community, helping those of us who are less fortunate. Ironically, Mr Birling has the opposite view to the inspector. When the inspector arrives he is discussing business with Gerald and says that he thinks you are responsible for yourself and your family only. Mr Birling is absolutely against the idea of communism. Priestley expresses his views on communism through the inspector demonstrating to the reader how important it is to care for others in your community. In conclusion I think that the Inspector is as real as every one else in the play but I think that he represents justice or truth and is a form of angel or something along those lines. The play can only be understood after it is closely reviewed. I am sure that there will always be a sense of mystery about this play; who was the inspector? What was the Inspector? Will we ever know? His role in the play is forcing to discover the characters’ terrible secrets and leave them with a lasting impression as well as a lot to think about. Priestley has very strong views on social responsibility which are expressed through the inspector.

Challenges Library Management System Essay

n 1981, UNESCO published a study prepared by Jean Lunn1 from Canada, Guidelines for Legal Deposit Legislation. His study is now 30 years old since its publication. Many countries have amended or significantly rewritten their legal deposit laws (Germany, Indonesia, and Norway in 1990; France in 1992, Sweden in 1994, Canada in 1995, South Africa in 1997, Denmark in 1998 and Japan & Finland in 2000). Others are in the process of doing so (Australia, India, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom). The forms of intellectual and artistic expressions have grown in different dimensions. New published media have been developed and electronic publications are now an integral part of many national publishing heritages. UNESCO was under pressure to bring out a revised edition of the Guideline in order to review the impact of it on other countries and to incorporate new forms of publishing, such as, electronic publications. The new revised and updated edition of the Guidelines of Legal 2 Deposit Legislation (2000, UNESCO) by Jules Lariviere is found to be a useful tool. The Indian relevant act, Delivery of Books Act 1954 (rev. 1956 to include newspapers and periodicals) has been under the scanner shortly after it was put into application and over the last five decades the National Library, Kolkata and the three other recipient regional public libraries, Connemara Pubic Library, Chennai, Central Library, Town Hall, Mumbai and Delhi Public Library, Delhi, and especially the publishing world directly involved with it, expressed concern and drew attention of the Government of India, of its limitations and ineffectiveness. The National Library, Federation of Indian Publishers (FIP) and several professional library organizations discussed its drawbacks and recommended revision or specific amendments of the act at various seminars, conferences and other forums. Ministry of Culture, the concerned agency of the government of India, set up several committees to deal with the National Library. The Recommendations of the National Knowledge Commission3 and its Working Group on Libraries (NKC-WGL, 2006) is completely silent on this and other national library related issues. It would be appropriate to draw attention to an article by 3. Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Bandopadhyay (2000) former Director of the National Library, is exhaustive enough with a complete set of plan of action for the concerned Ministry to initiate the revision process at the earliest. As a follow up, the Ministry took some steps to obtain the views, of other stakeholders, including academics, library users group and senior library professionals. Based on these suggestions / recommendations a revised draft bill on this issue was prepared that is awaiting final clearance of the Ministry since 2006. Role of Legal Deposit Act: In simple terms Legal Deposit is a statutory obligation which requires that any organization, commercial or public, and any individual producing any type of documentation in multiple copies, be obliged to deposit one or more copies with some recognised national institution/s. It is important to make sure that legal deposit legislation covers all kinds of published material, that is, material generally produced in multiple copies and â€Å"offered to the public regardless of the means of transmission. † Public distribution could mean â€Å"performance† or â€Å"display† e.g. radio or television programme could be considered as â€Å"published† for legal deposit purposes when it has been broadcast. Within the electronic publications environment, it should be noted that a â€Å"one copy item† such as, a database , stored on one server, could be subject to legal deposit requirement since it is made available to the public through a technology enabling the public to read, hear or view the material. 5 (Lariviere ). Most countries rely on a legal instrument of some sort in order to ensure the comprehensiveness of their national deposit collection. In all countries with legal deposit system, â€Å"published material† would naturally include books, periodicals, newspapers, microforms, sheet music, maps, brochures, pamphlets, etc. In some countries audio-visual material (sound recordings, films, videos, etc. ) is also subject to legal deposit and there are several countries where electronic publications are also included into the legislation, but they have done this in different way; some have excluded on-line electronic publications because of the numerous unsolved technical problems related to their acquisition and preservation problems related to ever changing technological scenarios. Legal deposit legislation serves a clear national public policy interest by ensuring comprehensive acquisition, recording, preservation and access of a nation’s published heritage. The role of a legal deposit system is to ensure the development of a national collection of published material in various formats. It should also support the compilation and publication of national bibliography in order to ensure bibliographic control over a comprehensive deposit collection. In addition, an effective legal deposit legislation guarantees to citizens and researchers within the country and abroad, access to research collection of  the national published material. Countries are developing many different models, but are clearly unable to keep pace with the massive changes and challenges related to the deposit of intangible publications. Department of National Heritage6, UK (1997) brought out a consultative paper on current legal deposit of publication issues based on a questionnaire which identified several pertinent issues and posed a number of specific questions to which sought responses from individuals and organizations. This document could also help Indian group and the government agencies in formulating the revised DB Act. Profile of Indian book publishing Before we deal with Indian Delivery of Books Act let us first look at the present trends in book publishing in India. Over the last four decades a large majority of English language publishing has concentrated in and around the capital, Delhi. The city is also a major centre of Hindi publishing industry. With the rapid growth of higher education from 1960s and the pressure built-up within the faculties due to UGC’s policy of ‘publish or perish’ resulted in the increase of publications of research monograph. India is one of the few countries where 4 4. Invited Lectures theses and dissertations submitted for Ph. D. and other similar higher postgraduate degrees in humanities and social sciences particularly, get published as a routine matter, whereas in science and technology this would be a rare phenomenon. There is no reliable source of annual book publishing data in India or any comprehensive list of Indian publishers in different languages. D. N. Malhotra7 (2010), former President of FIP and an established publisher in English and Hindi claimed of having 15,000 20,000 publishing houses, mostly run by individuals or as single family business. According to Vinutha Mallay8 Senior Editor of Mapin Publishing, India is the sixth largest publishing industry in the world with annual growth of 15-20%; third largest publishers of books in English, around 90,000 to 100,000 books are published annually, there are about 19,000 publishers in the country; in addition sixty per cent of global publishing outsourcing is based in India. This growth trend is noticeable only from the 70s onwards when book trade turnover increased gradually due to numerical growth of educational and research institutions at every level. As we look back a few decades, the demand of English books grew fast in libraries of newly established universities, research institutions and other academic centres. Individual buyers of books constitute only a small percentage. Bulk of the titles was imported from the English speaking countries, mostly from the UK and USA based publishing houses. This book import business is largely handled by a few Delhi based book importers and distributors. To accelerate the book supply process from the shelves and warehouses the importers / distributers devised a practice of sending books on credit to academic staff and libraries, through local vendors or jobbers (newcomers in book trade to supply books ‘on approval’ basis). They were allowed to take back books â€Å"not selected† within a credit limit of six months only. Within a few years these jobbers turned into legitimate vendors with book stock of their own which could not be returned to the wholesalers within the stipulated six months credit limit. They start bookshops with the ‘dead stock’ of their own and continue to supply books to the institutions on prevailing terms and conditions. These vendors, having direct contacts with the researchers and faculty members on day to day basis, being the actual selectors in all educational institutions, get offers to publish research monographs of academics. Many of them grabbed these offers on their own terms thereby joining the exclusive club of publishers. We now find several of these vendors are retail bookshop owners, library suppliers and also publishers, all in one. Perhaps it would not be out of place to add a few words of Iain Stevenson9 on the recent trends in British publishing keeping in mind that India is claimed to be the third largest English language publishing country. ‘Since the beginning of this century, there have been strong trends in British publishing in the increase in concentration of publishing and book selling ownership balanced by healthy specialization and the second is an increasing awareness and impact of electronic media and delivery across sectors that have created a large impact across the book trade. In 2004 over 161,000 individual book titles were published in the U.K. as compared to 119,000 in 2001 and over 2. 5 times the number in 1990. Consumers spending on books reach 2436 m. sterling pounds (in 2000 it was 2000 million) out of which 30% was from the export sales. Individual buyers comprised the largest market share, about 70% of total book sale and 20% to academic institutions and corporate bodies’. Indian Legal Deposit Legislation or Delivery of Books Act 1954 and its aftermath The act, commonly referred to as DB Act10 was amended in 1956 to include newspapers and serials under its purview. Annual publishing of books in India during 1950s was small 5. Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) and below 30,000 titles, whereas by 2010 it is claimed to have exceeded 100,000 [estimated figure obtained from FIP in the absence of any official data from any reliable source] with substantial increase in the coverage of subjects, such as, science and technology. In a recent 11 Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture the National Library claimed to have received 29,875 publications under the DB Act which happens to be only 30% of the estimated total publications as indicated by senior executives of the Library in several professional forums. It was also being pointed out in such gatherings that the other three recipient libraries under this Act, in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai received even less during the same period. It is worth noting that this was claimed to be the highest figure ever reached by the library ‘due to a special drive’12Intellectual resource (NACONAL 2006). UNESCO Statistical Yearbook is silent on the number of books published annually or the number of libraries in India over the last several decades, although India is one of the major contributors and active member of this international body. This sad state of affaire obviously reached, and continue to be, due to simple negligence of all concern. In most other countries annual publication figures were being provided by organizations declared as recipient/s under the legal deposit or copyright legislation of the country. There must be several reasons for the Library to reach in such a state and to argue, we guess, the limitations of DB Act cannot be the primary cause of it. Rigid administrative and fiscal rules and regulations adopted by the Library to operate under the guidance of the Ministry, is surely to my mind, a major factor but not the main one. The crux of the matter is National Library never received a large number of recent Indian publications under the DB Act. We do not know who all are claimed to be Indian publishers. A sizable number of them are ignorant of DB Act obligations. It is also a fact that number of ‘one time authorpublishers’ is also very high (15% – 20%) especially in vernacular languages. The National Library together with the Central Reference Library committed to bring out Indian National Bibliography(INB) based on the books received under the DB Act, similar in format of the British National Bibliography (BNB). However, neither the British Library (formerly British Museum Library) nor the Indian National Library is in any obligation under their respective legal deposit acts to bring out national bibliographies of books thus received under their respective legal deposit acts. . Bandhopadhyay13 points out,’rules and policy adopted are working smoothly for the British Library but similar regulations unexpectedly, failed to work in our case. One has to keep in mind the fact that default in U. K. is an exception rather than general rule unlike in India’. The provision of penalty for default in DB Act of Rs. 50. 00 sounds just notional. Either revise it to a figure e. g. , Rs. 1000. 00 or 4-5 times of the actual market price of single copy, whichever is higher or just make it voluntary, and hope for the best. The reason of suggesting the latter provision is to avoid the highly cumbersome and built-in procedural delay within our legal system. Since 1958 National Library did not take any legal action against one single defaulter till date. In UK and USA penalty clause is not mentioned as the legal deposit provision is covered under the country’s copyright acts. It is because of this factor legal deposit provision is genuinely more effective and acceptable to authors and publishers of these countries. It would be more realistic to suggest that National Library shall receive one copy of every Indian ‘publication’ and the three other regional repository libraries in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai shall have the right to claim any current publication in their respective regional languages only, delivered free of cost under the revised provisions of the DB Act. The current practice of demanding four copies of every publication to be delivered free of cost to each of 6. Invited Lectures these four libraries (including National Library) failed to meet our expectations. This is in addition to what publishers have to comply with the demands of different state central libraries under the Press and Book Registration Act of 1867. Moreover, a large volume of these books and other publications, thus received, especially language publications that are not so commonly used in some regions are usually being ‘dumped’ or just temporarily stored as these are of ‘no use’ to the library. This is a colossal wastage of national resource. On the other hand it would not be cost effective to make these so to say, ‘unused books’ (four copies of each) routinely processed, provide costly storage space as well as maintaining them for the posterity in four regional libraries. The National Library shall receive one copy for preservation and access only; create bibliographic records for the benefit of all stakeholders. There are several categories of publications e. g. in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages shall find users in other three regional libraries. Let us accept the real time scenario in terms of availability and accessibility for application of information and communication technologies (ICT) within library systems. Bibliographic data of publications received by the National Library under legal deposit legislation will be accessible to others from INB and National Library catalogue / database online. These three libraries shall buy one copy of all selected books in EHSU languages, from any local vendor / publishers. Additional fund annually spend by three libraries on this account shall be reimbursed from a special annual central government grant. The proposed module is based on the British legal deposit act where the British Library, London receives one copy of every book / publication and the other five libraries (Wales National Library, Aberystwyth, Scottish National Library, Edinburgh, Oxford University, Cambridge University and Trinity College, Dublin) obtain direct from the publishers, one copy of every book of their choice, selected from the weekly list of books received in the British Library under the legal deposit act. We made an attempt to get some estimation of the annual cost of books published under these four (EHSU) ‘common languages’ from INB and the National library that would give an idea of the total fund required for the three regional libraries under the revised provision of the Act. All the three libraries receive some annual grant from the central government. The revised provision in the act will also bring some savings in terms of time and resources, as lesser number of books are to be dealt with by the libraries. Sooner than later, it  will be a reality (within a decade or so) of making available a digital copy of an Indian publication by the National Library online, that was not originally selected or received earlier to a library or an individual from its own stock within or outside the country. The technology is already in experimental stage at various levels. Slowly and gradually a large part of Indian publications will be brought out in e-format only, which will also change our current perception of borrowing or consulting a ‘book’ from a conventional library. Till we reach that stage in India and the transitional period of overlap (20 years? ) we shall carry on with both the systems as we are now have both bullock carts as well as a BMW 7e series cars on our roads for transportation. Indian library systems shall take a longer path and time to switch over to reach this goal. Moreover, any change in our library ‘modernization’ programme shall be fully dependent on application of technological innovations resulting in inevitable 14 acceptance of a never ending process. Thomas Abhram in a recent article expressed, â€Å"ebooks will be hugely cheaper with the removal of paper and inventory costs†¦. All things taken into account, books in print format are not certainly going away ever from circulation. And e-books, from a publishing point of view, are a ‘consummation devoutly to be wished’. We in India, specially the National Library are to continue dealing with print copies of books for several decades together with information resources available in e-books and or in any other format. 7 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Table 1: Books in Indian Languages Received in National Library LANGUAGE 2007 08 Assamese Bengali English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Total 97 991 5756 127 2370 687 1500 1400 2661 602 112 3685 248 521 20757 NL/DB Act 2008 – 09 35 1463 5385 348 1722 600 1200 1351 52 576 287 2526 145 304 15994 337 2189 5530 476 1237 877 866 1341 750 000 111 1186 406 292 15598 300 350 450 830 INB (2010) AVERAGE COST. The figures quoted above (Table-1) under Books received by the National Library under DB Act during 2007-08 and 2008-09 and those listed in INB for 2010 (CRL) were obtained from the respective libraries on personal requests. In a paper presented at the NACONAL 2006 by Mandal & Syed Abuzar15 (2006) indicated National Library received about 20,000 books annually during 1990 2002. They claimed the Library received about 30,000 during 2005-06 due to some special drive and about similar number of volumes during 2010-11as recorded in the Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture. Unfortunately we could not get breakdown of figures under each language of 29,875 books received during 2005-06 nor of INB listed figures for 2009 and 2011. The significant gap of Oriya books received during 2007-08 and 2008-09 was due to some special efforts put by the concerned language specialist during 2007. [Note:Average cost of recently published books in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages has been worked out from a sample of books procured by University of Delhi, Central Library, Central Secretariat Library and the U. S. Library of Congress, Book Procurement Centre in Delhi. We made here an estimation of annual additional grant amount to be provided by central government to support the three regional libraries (in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai) under the proposed revised legal deposit legislation. The National Library shall receive one copy only of every Indian publication free of cost delivered by the publishers, and the three regional public libraries are to purchase one copy of any book (in EHSU languages) selected by a library from open market. The three libraries are entitled, under the law, to receive free of cost, one copy of a book published in respective regional languages. It is estimated that each library shall selectively acquire per year about 30,000 new Indian publications (10,000 EHSU + 20,000 in respective regional languages) out of about 90,000 books published annually. It means, central government shall reimburse annually the cost of 30,000 books in EHSU languages where average cost of a set of four EHSU books is Rs. 2000 or Rs. 60 million (30,000 x2000 = 60,000,000). In addition, another 10m (Rs. 10,000,000) would be required to cover annual subscription cost of EHSU periodicals and newspapers. Thus we reach an estimated figure of Rs. 70m or 7crore (add another 10% 8 Invited Lectures annually for inflation). These figures are being presented to get some idea of the extra cost we propose to pass on to the central government exchequer. ] If this revised guidelines are adopted in our legal deposit act (now under revision) by taking over the extra burden of book fund of the three regional libraries by the central exchequer then we could surely expect of getting better cooperation from the publishing fraternity in fulfilling their responsibilities towards the provisions of the revised act. Group of publishers bringing out EHSU language publications are to supply only TWO free copies, like all other publishers, one to the National Library and the other to Parliament Library. The only sensible expectation of the publishers from the CRL / National Library is to bring out a comprehensive, up to date online INB, listing all currently published titles thus received under the act and provide facilities of easy access to the readers within a reasonable time frame. Under the revised provision of the act, there is a strong opinion that Chennai based Connemara Public Library shall receive one copy free of cost, of every publication in Dravidian languages (e. g. Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu). Similarly Central Library, Mumbai shall receive books in all western Indian languages, such as Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, etc. , and Delhi Public Library shall get publications in Punjabi, Kashmiri, etc. as commonly spoken in the three respective regions. National Library is to receive one copy of all the publications. In addition to the respective regional languages publications these three libraries shall purchase one copy of publications of their choice, in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU), from publishers / local vendors. Total annual cost of this category of publications shall be reimbursed from central exchequer. With the introduction of advanced network technologies, libraries shall be benefitted for not to process (Catalogue / classify highest cost factor) these books as relevant data can be downloaded from INB. The second alternative is to incorporate legal deposit provision within the revised copyright legislation as done in the USA and UK. It is possible to reduce the number of defaulting Indian publishers to bare minimum. Only very recently the National Library claimed to have increased intake of publications under the Act by extensive promotional work through the media and sending direct appeal to publishers that have helped it in bringing more and more publishers within the DB Act net. Secondly, if the total number of copies of each title (an average of seven copies) under both PR and DB Acts could be drastically reduced to minimum two only, there is a hope of getting full support and cooperation of Indian publishers to go by the rule book. Third and the most important factor is to make INB up to date and bring it out at regular frequency (monthly! ) with the target of putting it online within a scheduled time frame. What we need is determination and political will to make the India’s National Library the effective hub of Indian library systems. Similarly, there are several other issues, listed below, which also require attention by both the National Library and appropriate government agencies that shall help in making India proud of its National Library. Central Reference Library (CRL): In 1971 administration of the CRL was separated from the National Library by making it a subordinate office under the Department of Culture. This was an ideal opportunity we missed, for shifting the CRL to Delhi. In the middle of 1970s Central Government created a new wing of the Central Secretariat Library (CSL) and named it as Tulsi Sadan Library to collect and provide access exclusively to all Indian language (excluding English) publications, to commemorate the 400th year of Tulsidasa (of Ramcharitmanas fame). CSL could have been merged with CRL and allowed it to operate from some temporary location till a permanent ‘home’ could be found or built at the proposed site opposite to the National Museum on 9 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Janpath, originally proposed by Edwin Lutyens. CRL would have been the natural choice of declaring it as the fourth recipient public library in Delhi, under the DBAct (instead of making the Delhi Public Library with reluctance, during the 1970s). Ministry of Culture is now under heavy pressure for shifting the Central Secretariat Library out of Shastri Bhavan complex due to severe space crunch and security issues. It is a fact that CSL has lost its original objective of serving information needs of all central secretariat units. Today all the ministries are having their own libraries with specialized collections to cater their respective information needs. It now serves as a general reading room for Shastri Bhavan employees. Reading for pleasure is not so common with the government employees. Central Secretariat Library is administratively a subordinate office of the Ministry of Culture. A large section of its regular visitors, viz. postgraduate students and research scholars have stopped visiting the library due to overwhelming security checks involved in getting through Shastri Bhavan. Recently several thousand volumes of its rich older collections were being disposed under executive orders to make room for babus of the Ministry. It could have been easier to find a suitable location for CRL (incorporating CSL) in Delhi during 1970s. Attempts were also being made during the 1970s and 1980s to merge the CRL with the National Library but these were also stalled by staff associations of the two libraries. During this period, management of the National Library was weak as a result, library service also suffered considerably. Central government in Delhi continued to be indecisive in taking appropriate steps while local library administration in Kolkata failed to deal with the day to day issues in any effective manner. It was more of a failure of the management both at the operational as well as policy making levels. The government allowed the National Library to drift away in the absence of any suitable action plan in place to overcome the crisis. Nor there was any move or pressure from any other corner – library professionals, media or library users’ group. This long drawn uncertainty and lack of effective management control within the National Library campus directly affected services and administration of Central Reference Library thereby putting publication of INB also on the back burner. Indian National Bibliography (INB): It started in 1958 following the British National Bibliography (BNB) format. To overcome the complexity of multi-script languages it adopted Romanization of all scripts with the descriptive part of each entry in English. This has created problems for many who are not familiar with Roman script or English language. The job of printing INB monthly issues was given exclusively to the Government of India Press in Kolkata that failed to realise, from the beginning, the importance of maintaining the production and delivery schedule. After years of persuasion by CRL the Ministry allowed printing of INB through private press. Cataloguing of every title, received by the National Library under BD Act, is first to be acknowledged by the Library then sent to CRL on record, where it will be catalogued once according to INB practices and then books shall be sent back to the National Library for re-cataloguing according to its own specified rules followed by due processing for storage. This long drawn administrative procedural factors and duplication of cataloguing  process have claimed to be a major cause of delay from the date of receipt of the publication to the time its record is found in INB followed by making it available to readers of National Library This delay factor has also indirectly discouraged publishers to follow the DB Act guidelines strictly on the pretext of not finding INB to be a regular and up to date periodical either as a reliable check list of current Indian publications or a selection tool for libraries and other stakeholders; nor their publications are found in any bibliographic record of the National Library on time. National Library takes its own time, sometime nearly two years, to allow access to the books received under the DB Act. Importance of promotion and marketing of INB did never get much support from the concerned authorities. Adoption of appropriate technologies at 10 Invited Lectures different levels of administration and access to resources has been continuously lagged behind. Most national libraries of the world are having full responsibilities of preserving and allowing access to their collections by providing adequate indexing and other access tools, e.  g. national bibliographies, subject bibliographies, annotated catalogues of special collections, many of these are now accessible online on their respective websites. We must allow the National Library for setting up National Bibliographic Division with full control of bringing out INB and to provide other bibliographic services covering pan-India in appropriate standardized formats, as required from time to time. By taking full advantage of technological advances supported by a group of committed well qualified staff the Library would be able to help in both improving and widening the scope of services to individuals as well as to provide back-up services to a large number of academic and public libraries in and outside the country. For example, the day Indian libraries in general adopt the same processing format for all new titles listed in INB,India can claim to have won half the battle in modernizing our library services and systems. Without going into details one can only highlight the fact of centralized processing initiated and applied in most national libraries which have directly and indirectly helped respective library systems of these countries. We are well aware of the fact that both the CRL and INB are as if, linked with the DB Act by an umbilical cord that needs to be focused and dealt with separately for a drastic revision. Proposals l l Title of the revised act may be â€Å"Delivery of Publications (National Library) Act. Definition of Publications shall include – all printed documents, such as, books, periodicals, serials, newspapers, e-publications including audio books, CD books, DVDs and digital online publications and /or any other reformatted or original document produced for commercial distribution, e. g. microform documents. Only one copy of all publications shall be delivered free of charge, direct to the National Library of India (or at an address specified by the Library). The act shall also make adequate provision for the three regional libraries based in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai to receive on.   

Ecology - tasks (4) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ecology - tasks (4) - Assignment Example Since, it is a very ‘hot’ country, UAE needs energy to desalinate and cool their domestic water supplies. The eco-footprint of UAE is estimated at 10.68 global hectares per person. In fact, if everyone lived like a UAE resident, approximately four and a half planets would be required to sustain humanity. This figure is quite alarming since if everyone lived like this then the long-term availability of such resources will be significantly diminished. This will also affect the climate systems, the hydrological cycles and the nutrient cycles in the atmosphere. Choosing to eat imported foods can also affect our planet tremendously since the transport of food products (food miles) is the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gases (Center for Environmental Education, 2008). According to research done by the World Watch Institute, imported products can use much more energy and also produce much more emissions as compared to a local diet. However, there are several methods we can adapt to in order to reduce the ecological footprint. Some of these methods include using green transport modes. For example, opting to use a bicycle instead of a car especially when the distance to be covered is relatively short. Individuals should also aim at adopting green energy to reduce goods and services footprint efficiently. Furthermore, individuals should implement water saving habits and also encourage their families to consume in-season local food. People should also strive in using sustainable building materials such as wool bricks and triple-glazed windows among others (Mamangon, 2014). In conclusion, the UAE launched an initiative to curb its ecological footprint by creating an initiative called the Al Basma Al Beeyah in 2007 through a partnership with the several organizations and societies. This initiative is aimed at developing scientific achievements to address the challenge. The initiative has been able to assist in the innovation of greener energy

The democratic and participative management styles Essay

The democratic and participative management styles - Essay Example When the employees feel that they are being involved in the decision-making process, they tend to give more feedback and ideas that may be beneficial for the management. It is in fact, the employees at the bottom level who are doing most of the hands-on job of the organization. Allowing them to take part in the decision-making process gives them the idea that management is willing to listen to them and to consider them as important members of the organization not just robots that they command to do certain things.  In the consultative style, the management raises the issue with the employees and considers the employees’ ideas and opinions regarding the issue. The employees become part of the decision-making process because the management opens its doors for feedback and opinions of the employees. This is the same for the participative management style. The difference lies in the final decision-making process. In the consultative style, the management takes responsibility and accountability of the final decision. The final decision may be influenced by the employees’ feedback. With this, the management makes the employees feel they are involved in the decision-making process but they do not share the responsibility of the decision. The management is able to create an open environment, however, the downside of this style happens when the management’s decision does not conform to the majority or minority of the group. This might create a feeling of rejection for those who gave.

ERP story Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ERP story - Case Study Example Another big challenge was regarding the data definitions and standardization among the three member companies and their systems. The project should enable consistency in data. Also the data should be available to everyone on a real time basis unlike current situation. A big challenge was also identified in non-standardization of interfaces for different applications and companies. Similar interfaces were desired for all systems as a result of the project. This would enable rotation of employees and easier knowledge transition. A major desired characteristic of the project was to ensure that the accounting and financial systems of the 3 companies are in sync and there is minimal manual intervention and control. There is also a need to make the human resource management processes more efficient by realizing economies of scale and leverage the individual capabilities of the 3 companies to the advantage of the whole group. Another characteristic of the project would be to create a uniform sales and marketing environment for the 3 companies and to leverage the use of internet and social media. Jean Roberge has identified his challenges and characteristics in mainly 2 areas which are obviously very important. However, he seems to have neglected challenges in a very important area which is People Management. In such a huge ERP project, the implementation would change the entire way in which people are going to work. Therefore, the required change in the mindset of the people is a big challenge (Wong et. al.). Therefore, a desired characteristic of the project should be to have training and counseling sessions for people to enable a smooth transition. These sessions would also enable them to overcome their apprehensions regarding lay-offs and job-cuts. Another challenge which should be considered is data migration. Migration from old systems to new systems especially in case of huge historical data could be a big challenge and can take days or

English - The Canterbury Tales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English - The Canterbury Tales - Essay Example This paper analyzes how the â€Å"General Prologue† functions to introduce â€Å"The Canterbury Tales.† This prologue has a cacophony of voices that serve several purposes for Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer's â€Å"General Prologue† functions as an introduction to â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† by expressing three general voices that impact the rest of the tales and aim to describe the poet and the functions of poetry: Chaucer the Pilgrim, the host, and the clerk. Medieval theory and practice show that Chaucer uses the â€Å"General Prologue† to depict â€Å"multiple voicing,† which is his literary strategy in â€Å"The Canterbury Tales.† â€Å"Multiple voicing† is a form of argumentation that can be found in medieval narrative, including debates on allegories, private conversations, and different forms of monologues (Nolan 117). This kind of approach employs diverse voices that present social, moral, or spiritual questions, and resolve s them too through its narrative (Nolan 118). The subjective aspect of the text, which is based on the poet's authority, is also rendered in other voices. Any of Chaucer's character can act as the moral compass of the poet (Nolan 118). Nolan stresses that when readers â€Å"hear† a number of voices in the â€Å"General Prologue,† they are listening to â€Å"the master of an art cultivated by generations of French and Italian writers† (118). The art is in juxtaposing voices against other voices, so that the text becomes more textured and complex. Nolan recognizes other poets who have also affected Chaucer's writing style, such as â€Å"Benoit de Sainte-Maure, Guillaume de Lorris, Jean de Meung, Boccaccio, Dante, and Machaut† (118). The primary theoretical groundwork for multiple voicing in the Middle Ages can be rooted from the rhetorical handbooks that have been generally employed in grammar schools (Nolan 118). These handbooks emphasize the importance of deliberate voicing and impersonation in the speaker's presentation of his/her identity, as well as in expressing the characters' intentions, feelings, and behaviors (Nolan 118). Quintilian illustrates the speaker's self-presentation in the prologue and suggests a majestic way of managing voice, style, and manner: [W]e should... give no hint of elaboration in the exordium. But to avoid all display of art in itself requires consummate art... The style of the exordium... should...seem simple and unpremeditated, while neither our words nor our looks should promise too much. For a method of pleading which conceals its art... will often be best adapted to insinuate its way into the minds of our hearers. (4.1.56-60; 2: 36-39, qtd. in Nolan 118) This is what the â€Å"General Prologue† did. It did not promise more that it can deliver. Instead, it merely describes the characters in ways that will prepare readers of their identities. The first Chaucerian voice is the first impersonati on: the learned poet or clerk. He stands for the voice who is knowledgeable of the â€Å"literary topoi of the Latin tradition† and rhetorical expression (Nolan 122). He is a philosopher who can breed stories from simple words. This rhetorical expertise attributed to the clerk's voice can be seen in other classical and medieval poets and philosophers (Nolan 123). This articulate voice is not limited to any genre but has been applied by other narratives, such as encyclopedias and scientific manuals (Nolan 123).

Liabilities and Remedies of Parties in a Contract Essay

Liabilities and Remedies of Parties in a Contract - Essay Example As the paper discusses  there are two contracts existing between the parties. The first contract is between Military Supply Ltd and the British Ministry of Defense while the second contract is between the Military Supply Ltd and Motor Parts plc. The contract between Military Supply Ltd and the British Ministry of Defense is for the purchase and delivery of 500 vehicles which will be used by the Ministry of Defense in its field operations. The second contract on the other hand is a contract of service between Military Supply Ltd and Motor Parts Ltd where the former hire the services of the latter to manufacture the 500 vehicles for the client of Military Supply Ltd which is the British Ministry of Defense. The relationships of the parties are defined and limited by the contracts that they entered into.From the report it is clear that the obligations of the parties in this case vary according to their participation in the transaction. In the case of British Ministry of Defense, its o bligation is towards Military Supply ltd. As buyer of the vehicles, the Ministry of Defense is obliged to deliver payments when the provisions and the objects specified under the contract are satisfied. On the part of Military Supply Ltd, its obligations are towards the Ministry of Defense as well as to Motor Parts. In the case of the Ministry, Military Supply Ltd is bound to deliver the 500 vehicles as per the specifications of the ministry in a timely manner.  

Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Theater - Essay Example Leo points out in chapter 40 that outstanding art (or â€Å"good art†) is blended in both lucid, coherent and understandable form while substandard art (or â€Å"bad art†) is muddled, inarticulate and illogical. Leo asserts that the degree of art incoherency depends on the range that distinct piece of art is confined to a particular group or class and, therefore, loses meaning or significance to individuals exterior to the confined group. I concur with this assertion since anything which includes touches on entire mankind needs a global wide approach to be universally accepted. In chapter 12 Leo proclaims that art can only be pertinent if it can be related to most humankind aspects. Leo asserts that devout ideas (or â€Å"thoughts†) are habitual to mankind, and therefore art can only be universal if it blends in this devout expression. In his point of view, Leo affirms that aesthetic aspects ought to be both devout and ethical. Leo ends up concluding that the chief objective of art ought to be denoted as per his personal ethical standpoint. I do not concur with this assertion since Leo dogmatized this aesthetic approach that it could only be defined according to his approach. A script can be compared to a podium, platform or pulpit upon which a performance is unfolded to an audience. It can also be compared to a sailor’s compass which navigates and subdues the path the sail trails on. A script can also be compared to a barometer device since it reflects how the entire drama or play will unfold. A script can also be compared to a Childs’ tabula rasa which is akin to a blank sheet of paper ready to be modelled by unlived circumstances and occurrences. A script is simply a draft of the play or drama. Apparently, it doesn’t include the motif’s (or theme) of the play. It does not include distinct characters and their roles. It also does not include key aspects such as musical rhythm or specific rhythm at specific

Telephone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Telephone - Essay Example Today, many people benefit from the said device, making communication easier especially for families who need to be away from each other. The invention of the telephone made correspondences a lot easier because people from far distances are able to speak with each other. They can connect in a matter of seconds. Moreover, since telephone conversations are paid, they can last for a short period of time which is an advantage to busy people. However, correspondents can misunderstand or misinterpret what are being said because they cannot see the facial expressions of the person on the other end. They rely on the words being uttered as well as the tone and volume of the voice to further understand the spoken languages therefore there can be strains that occur between callers based from the factors mentioned earlier. In addition, assuming that one has the full attention of the person on the other end can also lead to misunderstandings. Moreover, calls can be made at inconvenient moments without the caller realizing it. This makes the process more difficult especially when the person being called is busy or has other more pr essing matters to attend to that a call needs to be immaturely ended

Arab world Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arab world - Article Example (2007: p 364) Same is the case with the Arab world, which maintains its unique ethnographic identity, historical background, ancestry, cultural traits, social norms, moral values, religious beliefs and genealogy. The people speaking Arabic as their primary or first language are called the Arabs. â€Å"The Arab world†, Tamari views, â€Å"is not to be confused with the â€Å"Middle East,† a strategic designation developed during the heyday of the British Empire, which encompasses such non-Arab countries as Israel, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. And though Arab history is intertwined with Muslim history, the Arab world does not correspond to the Muslim world.† (Quoted in ccas.georgetown.edu) At present, the total Arab population, inhabited in twenty three countries of the world, has been estimated to be about 325 million with 2.3% annual increase. (UNFPA 2007) The have been articulated divergent propositions regarding the origin and background of the Arabs. One school of thought declares that the Arabian Peninsula is the origin of the Arabs, and the Bedouin clans of that region are the forefathers of them, who had been living there far before the birth of Abraham in Babylonia. The first positive reference to the Arabian extant occurs in an inscription of the Assyrians, Shalmaneser III, who speaks of the capture of a thousand camels from Gindibu, the Arabia, in 854 B. C. (Landau, 1958: 11-21: quoted in bible.ca) In addition, It had mistakenly been considered that all Arabs are the descendents of Ismail (Ishmael) the elder son of Abraham. The basic source of this information is the Semitic religions and a large majority of the Abrahamic religions, including Jews, Christians and Muslims, view Ismail as the father of the Arabs. According to the Jewish sources, it was Ishmael, whose descendents were blessed and multiplied as a great nation: â €Å"God heard the boy (Ishmael) crying, and the angel of God called to Hagar from heaven and said to her, "What is the

Creating My Own School Essay Example for Free

Creating My Own School Essay The benefits of education on the individual person no doubt extend beyond economic effects. Jeremy Behrman and Nevzer Stacey cited that the effects of education â€Å"spread beyond direct economic effects (1). † As such is the case Behrman and Nevser adds, benefits â€Å"include a better way of taking care of ourselves and consequently creating a better society in which to live† (1). Based on this notion, it is important to make education available for everyone regardless of race, color, social status and gender or even physical condition. Education should be a right of everyone and no one should be denied of this right. However, the quality of education has been the focal point in the educational arguments. The report of the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) cited that although teachers play an essential role in improving the students’ performance, the quality of education especially in areas where poverty is high, remains bad due to teachers’ lack of competency in the subject they teach (1). Thus it remains a burden of the government and of the society to establish schools that will cater to the increasing demand of a quality education. The No Child Left Behind Act was a response to this demand, yet it is clear that there is still a great demand for schools that would cater to the growing need of the society of a quality education for children. It is for this reason that I should like to introduce the Early College Communications (ECC) school which is designed to serve especially working class student and those with special cases. With highly competent teachers duly licensed by the states licensing board, the ECC provides quality education for grades 9-12 that would prepare students to college with a high level of competitiveness and a strong sense of achieving success in life. The school is deeply anchored on the government’s policy under No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) which emphasized on the qualification requirements for teachers. Under this act, the GAO report stated that states, districts, and schools are â€Å"responsible for ensuring that teacher meets these requirements† (1). The GAO also stated that the NCLBA â€Å"requires teachers of core academic subjects such as math and science be highly qualified†¦. † (1) The ECC proudly announces that it meets these requirements. The ECC’s philosophy of education is based on the principle that education is for everyone and that everyone deserves quality education. The ECC adopts a method of teaching based on Ramden’s (1992) distinctive ways of understanding teaching that is applicable to high school education wherein the teacher is seen as the organizer of student activity. Kate Ashcroft and Lorraine Foreman-Peck explained that in this method of teaching, the focus of the teaching and learning situation is on â€Å"what the student does† (69) and the role of the teacher is supervisory. In this case, as Ashcroft and Foreman-Peck pointed out, â€Å"the interest of teaching methods is now focused on ensuring that students learn† (69) and the teacher’s main concern is to motivate students â€Å"to be actively engaged† (69). With this method of teaching, the ECC management ensures that all students get quality education as we are implementing strict compliance for teachers to facilitate the student’s learning through motivating them to active and lively participation in the learning activities. As the school is committed to providing quality education, we have also implemented strict guidelines on the selection of teachers. Teachers were thoroughly screened if they have genuine interests in helping students learn regardless of their color, race, social status or physical condition. Thus, we are assuring everyone that the ECC is student friendly and we are very much concern all our student get quality education as they finished their term with us. For students with disabilities, that is, those belong to section two of the definition given by the Individuals with Disabilities Education act of 2004 (IDEA) cited by Roger Pierangelo and George Giuliani which held, (ii) Disorders not included. The term does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage (1) Students with disabilities that do not include learning problems because of the reasons mentioned in the definition, we encourage them to enroll at ECC as we have highly competent teachers to handle this special class. However, we require students with disabilities to seek certification from the local educational agency whether they responds to scientific, research-based intervention as part of the evaluation procedures. With teachers’ genuine concerns on students with disabilities, their primary aim is to ensure that students with disabilities learn equally with other students. Furthermore, the school facilities are designed for the convenience of these special students. These teachers are licensed by the state to handle special classes and they are skilled in communicating with students with disabilities. Overall, the school is committed on preparing our students to become successful individual regardless of their color, race, social status, and physical condition. The student who could finish their term at ECC will have an early college credit because the school offers subjects that will provide them advantage when they go to college. Thus, with our commitment towards the future success in life of our students, and with efficient and highly qualified teachers we are confident we can lead our students to become competitive, success oriented and determined to achieve their dreams in life. For everyone out there, enroll now at Early Communication College and be assured of a quality education and of an exciting learning situation in the classroom. Work Cited Ashcroft, Kate Foreman-Peck, Lorraine Managing Teaching and Learning in Further and Higher Education Great Britain: Routledge, 1994 Behrman, Jere R. Stacey, Nevser The Social Benefits of Education USA: University of Michigan, 1997 â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act Improved Accessibility to Education’s Information† USA: The United States GAO, 2005 Pierangelo, Roger Guiliani, George A. Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities USA: Corwin Press, 2008

Economic Analysis of Linda’s Bakery Limited

Economic Analysis of Linda’s Bakery Limited Introduction Lindas was established in 1959 by Mr. Lionel Chin Fatt who saw the need for quality baked goods at an affordable price. They currently have 12 locations in Trinidad with plans to add 10 more by 2017. Their product line today includes bakery items such as bread, savoury pastries, sweet treats, cakes and their Lindas Fresh line consisting of salads, sandwiches, wraps, subs, bagels and coconut bakes. Macroeconomic Analysis GDP The Trinidad Tobago (TT) economy is predicted to continue sustainable growth (1.8-2.1%) over the short to medium term (see Figure 1.1), but less than in 2014 (2.3%). This will be driven by robust growth in the non-energy sector (2.0-2.5%) (IMF 2014). The main risk to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the energy sector – which contributes 40% of national GDP – will be a sustained decline in energy prices. At the current price of $45 for West Texas Intermediate crude oil (WTI), we anticipate a further downward revision of 2015 projected growth in the sector. We are of the opinion that both Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and WTI will remain at or around current prices, at least for 2015. This is in line with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecast for LNG but not for WTI (see Figure 1.2); however we agree that crude oil prices will not go into further decline given current circumstances. Interest Rates The Repo Rate was increased to 3.25% for three main reasons, to keep in line with expected increases in U.S. interest rates, the headline inflation rate – driven mainly by double digit food inflation, and continued steady performance in non-energy output (Kissoon 2014). We expect as the U.S. rates increase, so will the Repo Rate. The Federal Reserve is basing changes in its rate on economic performance however current indicators show mixed results. We expect that the rate of increase for both rates will be slower than originally anticipated. Unemployment Rate With an unemployment rate of 3.5%, there is extremely limited excess capacity in the labour market. Lindas has a staff turnover of 8% monthly in stores. This may be attributed to government make work programmes. Reforms that will help diversify the economic base and reduce the fiscal deficit will be difficult to implement, especially in an election year. As such we do not anticipate significant changes to the makeup of the labour force in the short to medium term. Wheat The major ingredient in Lindas products is flour. Although the flour is produced locally, wheat is imported mainly from the USA; the worlds largest wheat exporter. Wheat exports from the USA are at its lowest over the past three years and are expected to decrease because of reduced demand and a surging dollar. In the short term prices are predicted to move lower then recover in 2016, depending on demand for wheat as feed and a recovery in corn prices (Wilson and Mulvany 2015). When coupled with increased production worldwide, we anticipate continuing fluctuations in the price of wheat in the short term but not to the extent of 2010-2011 which triggered the last local price increase. Consumer Confidence In Quarter 3 of 2014 Central Bank conducted its first Consumer Confidence survey measuring at -4. This can be an indicator that consumers will spend less and save more as they are mildly pessimistic about the economy. If consumers spend less, suppliers may decrease their production output which can affect national productivity and wages. (News.gov.tt, 2015) Porters Five Forces Supplier Power Flour Lindas purchases its flour exclusively from the National Flour Mills (NFM); a state controlled Public Limited Company, and is their second largest customer. NFM recently adopted a more proactive relationship with its major stakeholders, including Lindas and the Seamen Waterfront Workers Trade Union (SWWTU), such as including them in its strategic planning. This bore positive results like a collective bargaining agreement for wages in place for 2013 to 2016 (Trinidad Express 2015). We would expect this proactive mindset to continue with the importation of wheat, if US wheat becomes too expensive. NFM can easily import wheat from Canada and Uruguay, two politically stable countries that NFM previously or currently imports other grains from. We don’t expect the fluctuations in the world wheat price to affect the price of NFM flour locally, as it is set by the government – NFM’s majority shareholder. Historically government is averse to increasing the price of flour, regardless of who is in power. This can be seen in flour – and bread – maintaining Value Added Tax (VAT) exempt status, the discounts offered on flour by the current administration, and other price fluctuations being absorbed except in 2011. Buyer Power Linda’s recently increased the prices on some products and, according to their CEO, this has had no effect on their sales. Lindas believes that once they have a quality product, their customers will pay the price for it. As such we are of the opinion that buyer power is not a major factor at this point in time. Competitive Rivalry Lindas is second in the bread market to Kiss Company Limited and they state that they are number one in the pastry business in the country. Whilst Kiss sells the same product bread we are of the opinion that they have different target markets. Kiss is available from groceries to sidewalk shops throughout the country, whereas Lindas products are only available in their stores. Lindas products have little or no preservatives and they believe that this is to their advantage since some customers will choose their products over for this reason. Threat of Substitution Gluten Free â€Å"The number of consumers who think gluten-free is generally healthier fell from 46% in 2010 to 35% in 2012, and the number who thinks it is effective in managing weight fell from 30% to 27%.† (IFT 2014) Based on the premium in product costs, we do not foresee gluten-free entering the mainstream in TT. Threat of New Entry There are some significant barriers to entry for this type of business. Capital Requirements: The CEO of Lindas stated that the minimum investment required to enter this business is approximately $50 to $70 million. Two of their major investors are Prestige Holdings and Trent Restaurant Group. Economies of Scale: In order to produce bread and pastries for multiple geographic locations, capacity must be significant and utilization maximized. Lindas expanded its factory in El Socorro, where they prepare all the products to be distributed to all locations. Product Differentiation: Lindas has recently rolled out their Fresh line which is an attempt at differentiating their product line from other bakeries. Sector of the Economy Lindas is catergorised under the food and beverage manufacturing sector of the local economy. According to the Food and Beverage Industry Development Company, with the continued expansion of the local economy, the domestic food and beverage sector is expected to continue along its progressive track. In addition, expansion of the regional economy, renewed efforts for research and further product development, and strategic niche marketing will also support sustained growth over the longer term. (FoodAndBeverageTT.com 2015) Competition Trinidad and Tobago has a free market economy with Lindas Bakery operating in as an oligopoly. The bread market is dominated by the leader Kiss Baking Company followed by Lindas Bakery. There are other competitors but they are small in comparison. In order to compete at the same level as Lindas you would need to have at least $50-$70 million TTD in startup costs. Their products however are differentiated. They are price makers utilizing product differentiation by offering a wider range of high quality products some of which may not found in other bakeries. They have also added a new line called Lindas Fresh to accommodate changing customer demands and to stay one step away from the competitor. Customer Analysis Analysis of Demand and Supply There is limited statistical data on demand and supply within the industry. Therefore we made assumptions using the theoretical concepts and behavioural changes in wheat imports and consumer purchasing. Wheat imports steadily declined from 2011 to 2014 from 140 to 135. It is projected at 135,000 MT in 2014/2015MY in the Trade report and current USDA World Markets (USDA 2015). The wheat import forecast fell by -2 (1.45%) thd. mt in the 2014/2015 in comparison to 2013/2014 season. The opening stock for 2014/2015 was 5 thd. mt (indexmundi.com 2015). Using this trend we can assume that the consumption of flour based products (such as bread) has decreased over the years. We can assume that this may be due to lifestyle changes considering â€Å"There is an explosion of diabetes in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean and it is now the second leading cause of death in TT.† (Baboolal 2015) With a prevalence rate of 14.2% and an undiagnosed rate of 37.6%, it is possible that 1 out of 2 adults (20-79) in TT are diabetic (IDF 2015). We anticipate a surge of diabetic related issues over the medium to long term. According to the World Health Organization the life expectancy for Trinbagonians has increased from an average of 70.85 to 72.5 years. This can lead to suppliers producing less. Price Elasticity Lindas Bakery product is price inelastic. Their bread prices are lower when compared to Kiss Bakery; however Kiss is the market leader. Bread is considered to be a necessary commodity used in everyday life and is highly consumed in Trinidad. If there is an increase in price, then ceteris parabus, the quantity demanded will not decrease. The percentage of income spent is relatively low; there is a wide availability of substitutes, a high degree of necessity and no switching costs. Complementary and Substitute Products On a very basic level Lindas complemented their goods with drinks for sale, a common practice for most food outlets. For example the sale of a sandwich or Lindas fresh might increase the demand for drinks. However with a substitute the buyer might buy something other than the intended good in store but if the substitute is outside the business then the company will not maximise profit. Externalities (Positive and Negative) Positive externality in consumption is Lindas Bakery training their staff resulting in an increase of human capital. They are therefore able to educate other people who benefit from them. Positive externality in production is the tax break in manufacturing that will encourage entrepreneurship to lead to diversification, employment and economic growth. Free markets allow the negative externality in consumption is the increase rate of diabetes and obesity in Trinidad and Tobago. Conclusion There are major opportunities and challenges for Lindas within the current economic environment. Lindas Bakery has plans for expansion nationally and potentially regionally. Based on the expense to expand production capacity, Linda’s must continue on its current expansion path to effectively utilize this increase in production capacity. They can accomplish this expansion by utilizing their current resources and revenue to accomplish the task. As such they currently do not need to go for financing and are not affected by the increase in interest rate. This is another reason why we recommend Linda’s continue on its current expansion path. They can gain a competitive advantage through the application of technology. For example the introduction of an app can boost the companys visibility and brand awareness, generate sales and capture customer data to make projections. However, a major challenge for the company is the limited supply of labour in the country. Even though persons can seek employment at Lindas with limited experience, there exist easier options through government programmes. The application of technology above may also mitigate some of the burdens of in store staff by shifting the effort needed to the customer. Appendix Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Works cited Baboolal, Yvonne. 2015. Diabetes In TT Ranked No 2 Killer. Trinidad Tobago Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-03-12/diabetes-tt-ranked-no-2-killer. FoodAndBeverageTT.com,. 2015. Industry Profile | Food And Beverage Industry Development Committee |. http://www.foodandbeveragett.com/industry-profile/. Government of Trinidad Tobago. 2014. Budget Presentation 2015. Port of Spain. IDF, International Diabetes Federation. 2015. Trinidad And Tobago. http://www.idf.org/membership/nac/trinidad-and-tobago. IMF, International Monetary Fund,. 2015. Trinidad And Tobago And The IMF. http://www.imf.org/external/country/tto/. Indexmundi.com,. 2015. Trinidad And Tobago Wheat Imports By Year (1000 MT). http://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=ttcommodity=wheatgraph=imports. Kissoon, Carolyn. 2014. Repo Rate Increases To 3.25 Per Cent. Trinidad Express. http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Repo-rate-increases-to-325-per-cent-284545331.html. News.gov.tt,. 2015. Central Bank: Local Consumers â€Å"Pessimistic†. http://www.news.gov.tt/content/central-bank-local-consumers-pessimistic#.VRYEofnF_xV. Sloan, Elizabeth. 2014. The Top Ten Functional Food Trends.Food Technology.http://www.ift.org/food-technology/past-issues/2014/april/features/toptentrends.aspx. USDA, United States Department of Agriculture. 2015. ‘Data Analysis’. http://www.fas.usda.gov/data Wilson, Jeff, and Lydia Mulvany. 2015. Russians, Argentines, Cows Are Squeezing U.S. Wheat Price. Bloomberg.Com. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-29/russians-europeans-cows-are-squeezing-u-s-wheat-price.

Pros And Cons About Perth Tourism Development Tourism Essay

Pros And Cons About Perth Tourism Development Tourism Essay Perth is described as Western Australias growth capital and there are some pros and cons about Perth Tourism Development (Tourism Western Australia 2010). Perth has been ranked in the top three most desired hotel investment markets together with Sydney and Brisbane in the HTL Capital Advisers 2008 Industry Survey. Perth is the point of arrival in Australia for 70% of the states international visitors (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009). When talking about the background of Perth, the ecological footprint of residents of Perth Western Australia is among the highest in the world (Urlich 2000). General affluence and high standard of living are primary contributors. Urban form and housing styles are also contributors, directly and indirectly. Perth is extremely low density (R8 on average). Low density suburban development over decades has caused the loss of large areas of bio-diverse vegetation and habitat. Automobile dependency is relatively high. Greenhouse emissions are consequently extremely high on per capita basis (which creates policy and cultural tension). In and around Western Australias capital Perth, there are inner city parks, bustling markets and a colourful lifestyle, as well as water-based activities like fishing, boating and surfing. Western Australian is the nations fourth largest economy, responsible for the production of 13.6% of the Australias gross domestic product (GDP). Perth city is a hub for the states activity and the point of dispersion for the states interstate and international visitors (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010). Perth has grown to become a city of international significance an increasing population, high workforce participation and productivity continues to fuel demand. Perth has been ranked the least sustainable city in an assessment of the carbon footprint of Australias 20 largest cities (ABCNews 2010). This report is going to discuss the impacts of Hospitality and Tourism industry to Economic, Social and Environmental aspects in Perth. And to some extent, these three aspects would affect tourism industry in Perth also. Besides these, it also takes an example of Holiday Inn Hotel City Centre Perth in the area of CSR (Corporate social responsibility). The hotel has been engaging lots of charity programs. 2. Economic impacts Tourism growth Perth and Western Australia have achieved marginal growth in their market share of Australian international visitation since the year 2004. This is most evident in Western Australias market share of international visitors, which was up 1.1 percentage points to 13.6% as at year end 2009( Tourism Western Australia,2010). International visitors spent a total of 21.2 million nights in Western Australia, 17.0 million of which were spent in Perth. This represents a 42% increase for Western Australia and a 39% increase for Perth, since September 2004. The difference between the growth in visitors and growth in visitor nights reflects the growth in average length of stay, approximately 25% (6 days) and 23% (5 days) for Western Australia and Perth respectively almost half of which occurred in the year to September 2009( Tourism Western Australia,2010). . More quality hotel rooms for Perth, in a world class city with vibrant waterfront and cultural precincts. The focus on the development of significant tourism infrastructure will mean Tourism Western Australia will pull back from its traditional involvement in smaller industry development activities. Tourism Western Australia will develop a new Statewide Major Events Strategy to create new home-grown events and attract more national and international events to Western Australia (Tourism Western Australia, 2010). Tourism in Perth: Tourism and the related business activity are playing an important role in Perth Economy, although a relatively greater one in terms of employment. An estimated 4.0 % of local workers are employed in the tourism services sector in Perth. However, the tourism industry and in particular, segments such as accommodation also is playing a key role in business and corporate activity much more broadly, providing not only the services but also facilities to support activity in these sectors(Tourism Research Australia 2009). Economic Stress in Perth It is generally believed that Hospitality and Tourism is a booming industry. The rising level of stress in Perth is perhaps indicative of the local impacts of the wider economic downturn. Large numbers of people engaged in vulnerable industries, such as hospitality. The economic slowdown has seen increasing numbers of people engaged in these industries out of work. It is, however, likely that the recovery in the resources sector, and the State economy more generally, will see economic stress decrease in Perth suburbs such as Butler, Alkimos and Yanchep (Tourism Western Australia 2010). Perth Airport: the regional gateway Perth is playing a major role in facilitating tourism activity. Perth airport serves as the gateway to Western Australia, facilitating 9.4 million passenger movements annually, including 2.6 million international passengers(Perth Airport, 2009). Indeed, Perth is the point of arrival in Australia for 70% of the states international visitors (Tourism Research Australia 2009). Looking forward, passenger movements at Perth airport are projected to double over the two decades to 2029, with international passenger movements growing by 4.0% to 5.6 million and domestic passenger movements growing by 3.3% to 13.4 million (Perth Airport 2009). 3. Social Impacts New hotel development in Perth Tourism Western Australia welcomed plans for a quality hotel development on Beaufort Street in Perth (Tourism Australia 2009). The capital city, Perth, offers a sought after lifestyle for the international investment community with its natural, relaxed and multicultural environment, low sovereign risk, pro-development government policies, a highly skilled and innovative workforce and world-class infrastructure (Deloitte 2009). Market fundamentals for Perth hotels are very strong with double digit yield growth over the last three years projected to continue for the next five years. The outlook for mid market and first class hotels is very positive despite current global economic uncertainty (Marin and Jafari 2002). Projects of strategic importance in Perth have attracted significant international investor interest creating an exciting business, tourism, residential and entertainment hub to put Perth in the international spotlight (Transocean Consulting Services 2007). This combined with Perths strategic global location, positioning as a major international business hub with close proximity to Asia, makes Western Australia an attractive investment destination. From the statistics, Perth occupancy rates are still amongst the highest in Australia at 81 per cent. Perths consistent growth over the last five years is encouraging to investors such as the Rothchester Group and its preferred operators (Tourism Australia 2009). There is strong demand for hotel accommodation in Perth and a particular shortage of high quality hotel accommodation in the city. In Hong Kong more than 70 per cent of delegates chose Australia as their preferred choice for investment. Tourism Western Australia will continue to assist investors to ensure quality hotel developments are built in the Perth central business district and regional Western Australia. Raising awareness of local issues and needs Tourism can also raise awareness of local issues and needs. Branding of local product and achievements creates regional identity not only nationally but also internationally. There is a trend towards investment in interpretation of natural and cultural resources in Perth. Perth attraction to natural and heritage icons often helps fund conservation important efforts and provides opportunities for effective management of sensitive and important areas. Tourism is largely an experience driven industry, and Perth local culture is a unique experience more so local personality, hospitality and food than so called built attractions. (McCool and Moisey 2000) Tourism can boost the preservation and transmission of cultural and historical traditions (Weaver 2000). This often contributes to the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources such as John Forrest National Park and Matilda Bay Reserve in Perth , the protection of local heritage like Aviation Heritage Museum and Heritage Cottage Bed Breakfast, and a revival of indigenous cultures, cultural arts and crafts. More education and training programs in Hospitality and Tourism Industry One of the biggest problems which occurs to Tourism Industry is Occupational Skills Shortage ( Sommerville 2007). There are not enough qualified and experienced people, and for many of the jobs in short supply, however, education and training usually is not provided for a long time in Perth. At the same time, an increasing number of people seem to leave the workplace than entering it. It is hard to increase the numbers of people being trained because of the need for experienced employees to supervise and mentor apprentices, trainees or graduates and the limitations this placed on the number of new entrants that could be employed and trained. More than that, these education and training courses are often not keeping pace with the innovation and technological change in the workplace in Western Australia (Sommerville 2007). 4. Environmental impacts: Air Pollution in Perth Not many tourists might choose Perth as their destination or even locals might not stay in Perth during summer and winter times, due to severe Air Pollution in Perth, While Perth has a relatively small population when being compared with some other Australian capital cities, air pollution in Perth is very significant (Department of Environmental Protection 2009). The following analysis shows that Perth has levels of air pollution which might present health impacts to tourists and locals. The levels of photochemical smog (ozone) in Perth during summer regularly exceed national standards (Department of Environmental Protection 2000). Besides this, during winter months, a smoke haze frequently hangs over Perth. In most cases these episodes of unacceptable air quality are influenced by weather conditions that prevent air pollutants from detracting quickly (Department of Environmental Protection 2000). Figure: The sites of the Perth Air Quality Monitoring Stations Source: Air Quality in Perth 1992-1999 report (DEP 2001) A detailed analysis of the air quality in the Perth metropolitan region is contained in the DEPs Air Quality in Perth 1992-1999 report (DEP 2001). In summary the report shows that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ozone levels in summer are tending to remain high, approaching or exceeding the acceptable standard; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Background levels of ozone are increasing; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Airborne particle (haze) levels in winter are relatively high, and during spring and autumn are relatively low. As the population grows, even if the level of car ownership remains the same as it is now, there will be even more cars on the road. On top of this, the length of vehicle trips is expected to increase as the size of Perth grows. It is expected that for every one per cent increase in population there will be a 1.6% increase in the number of vehicle kilometers travelled. Figure: The total vehicle emissions of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen going into Perths air each day. Source: Air Quality gets a Black Mark, Australian Environment Review, Vol 11, No 4, May 1996. Figure: Predicted daily vehicle emissions of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen for Perth in 2011 assuming there is no new anti-pollution Source: Air Quality gets a Black Mark, Australian Environment Review, Vol 11, No 4, May 1996. As for the solution of the Air Pollution, reduction in motor vehicle ownership and usage is the key target. Increased use of public transport -international experience, and recent local successes strongly indicate that rail should be the focus for Perth (Department of Environmental Protection of Perth 2003). In Hospitability and Tourism Industry, Some forms of recreation, including rowing, bushwalking and rock climbing, make little or no contribution to air pollution (Department of Environmental Protection of Perth 2003). Other pursuits however, affect the quality of our air. Trail bikes, jet skis and power boats all put toxic emissions into the atmosphere. It is possible to continue to enjoy all forms of recreation and at the same help to improve air quality. Coastal erosion As for Tourism Industry, Coastal Erosion is very serve phenomena. Hotels, resorts or even local houses along the coast would be affected to some certain extent (Medlik 2003). Rising sea levels, more frequent storms, cyclones and floods along the coastline are putting beach front properties at risk. Coastal erosion is the permanent loss of land along the shoreline (World News 2009). Natural causes of erosion (World News 2009): Changes in wave climate such as an increase in wave height change in the angle of wave approach or increased frequency of high magnitude waves. Reduction in the amount of sediment delivered to the coast from reef and rising sea level. Human-induced causes of erosion (World News 2009): Sand extraction from beaches that reduces the sand volume of the coast, coral mining, insertion of structures such as seawalls which locally alter wave processes and change sediment transport patterns and removal of mangroves. Waste Water Management in Hotels Environmental Effort = Reduced Consumption = Lower Operating Costs Hyatt Regency Perth Hotel is the example of doing Waste Water Management. Environmental impacts of Hospitality and Tourism are described as following points:  · Large draw on public infrastructure and utilities (electricity, water, sewage) which must be shared with local communities  · Discharge of untreated effluents into the environment in large quantities  · Massive import of goods to service the industry- excess packaging and waste  · Improper land use planning and poor designs of infrastructure systems These impacts on the community in Perth can be indicated as following: shortages in public utilities (water rationing, brown outs), ineffective hotel wastewater treatment plant might cause human health impacts and rise in disposal costs for waste removal (Water Corporation 2006). Protecting Perths Public Drinking Groundwater Sources The growth of Hospitality and Tourism industry in Perth, to some extent, is helping to protect Perths Public Drinking Groundwater Sources through raising public awareness. The main sources of groundwater in Perth are the Jandakot and Gnangara Mounds on which the Jandakot, Gnangara and Perth Coastal (Water Corporation 2007). Underground Water Pollution Control Areas (UWPCAs) are defined. Within these areas policies have been developed to protect water resources from pollution. The Department of Environment (DoE) is responsible for the protection of water resources used for public drinking water supplies throughout Western Australia (Water Corporation 2007). 5. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) In terms of Corporate Social Responsibility, some hotels and resorts do make very good examples. Some hotels have 10 percent of the total guest room revenue donated equally to a charity of their choice and Community Footprints, the social responsibility program. Some hotels win lots of popularity through their outstanding and continuing social contributions to the local community which included numerous social initiatives in the fields of sustainability, environment, heritage, community interaction and youth development ( Cq Researcher 2010). Activities involved are such as inspiring the younger generation with environmental awareness and to instill a sense of ownership for the future of their country. More than that, supporting under-privileged children and eco-friendly green initiatives for many years are also examples of some hotels social responsibilities (Cq Researcher 2010). Holiday Inn Hotel City Centre Perth Holiday Inn City Centre Perth builds customer loyalty and strengthens employee commitment through a program of charitable engagement with the multiple local communities in which they operate (Cq Researcher 2010). In the area of corporate social responsibility (CSR) Holiday Inn City Centre Perth is involved in many initiatives aimed at reducing its impact on society, for example energy and water conservation. The focus of this briefing is on its engagement with charities and how it has helped their business. The charities are in their core interests of Community, Employees, Arts, Youth Education, Environment and Human Rights. The charities they involved such as Children In Need, the Red Cross and so on. The hotel is also helping to upgrade schools with sanitation facilities as well as library and science equipment, workbooks and classroom materials. Besides Holiday Inn City Centre Perth, the other hotels in Perth are also helping to make it much easier for their staff to be environmentally friendly. The provision of bike lockers and shower facilities means that staff can gain some exercise and be ready for their day at work. Some hotels even provide child-care facilities, this means that busy mothers and fathers can reduce the distances they drive, or even better, enjoy some time with their children as they travel together on public transport(Cq Researcher 2010). 6. Conclusion This study report introduces the city Perth and analyzes how Hospitality and Tourism Industry affect the city Perth based on social, economic and environmental factors. Not only that, it also discusses the issue about Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and gives some examples about the hotels in Perth. Sustainable development is the objective, not just the protection of biodiversity and species. Tourism is a fast growing industry and a valuable sector, contributing significantly to Perth economy. Perth is experiencing substantial growth in terms of inner-city living, development and Hospitality Tourism industry, servicing 100,000 daily visitors and workers in addition to its 15,000 inner-city residents. The City of Perth is a main provider of free entertainment for the 1.6 million people in the metropolitan area and is the premier destination for business, entertainment, nightlife, culture and the arts. Around 4.0 % of local workers are employed in the tourism services sector in Perth. However, they lack training and education. Moreover, local employees usually work at very low paid and unskilled jobs. People also enjoy living close to recreational areas such as the Swan and Canning rivers and near the open spaces of the various parklands, wetlands and the hills. There is a tendency for the people of Perth to live in single residential home surrounded by private gardens. Transport is another factor people consider when choosing where they live. These factors have all contributed to Perth becoming a sprawling city. This pattern of development is expected to lead to people travelling greater and greater distances so they may satisfy their work and social requirements. This report addresses the issues of economic stress and tourism growth in Perth. As for Environmental impacts, Air Pollution, Coastal erosion, Waste Water Management in Hotels, Public Drinking Groundwater Sources are some of the issues are being discussed above. Perth has been facing very severe air pollution. Hyatt Regency Perth Hotel manages well in terms of waste water management. And when comes to social impacts, Tourism can also raise awareness of local issues and needs. More than that, Western Australia also welcomed new hotel development in Perth. To conclude, Hospitality and Tourism Industry has huge impact on Perth in terms of three factors which discussed above. More than that, it is clearly that some local patterns also affect tourism industry in Perth.